With References Cortical Explained for Students (Easy Guide)
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WITH REFERENCES: Cortical Spreading Depolarization (CSD) Contribution to Migraine: Aura Phase: CSD is a wave of neuronal and glial depolarization that travels slowly across the cortex. It is often associated with the aura that precedes migraine headaches in some individuals. This depolarization leads to a temporary disruption in normal brain activity, which correlates with the sensory disturbances experienced during aura, such as visual changes. Headache Phase: While CSD itself does not directly cause pain, it can contribute to the headache phase by triggering the activation of the trigeminovascular system. It alters the blood-brain barrier and leads to the release of various inflammatory mediators. Trigeminovascular System Activation Role in Migraine Pain: The trigeminal nerve, a major pain pathway in the head, becomes activated during a migraine attack. Upon activation, it releases neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P. This system connects to cranial blood vessels, causing them to dilate and become inflamed, contributing to the sensation of throbbing pain. The release of these neuropeptides promotes vasodilation and the subsequent onset of headache pain. Inflammatory Mechanisms Pathways and Effects: Inflammation in migraines is mediated by the release of inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides, including CGRP. These inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding the brain, leading to increased pressure and
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