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Week 2 Discussion Main Post Child and Elder Abuse I selected this week’s discussion, “Child and Elder Abuse.” Older adults are the fastest-growing population. With that comes many responsibilities for family dynamics to change. The custodians of more aging parents can cause stress and hindrance. This stress can lead to abuse and neglect of an elderly adult. The three issues most associated with the abuse and neglect of elderly abuse are financial exploitation, physical abuse, and neglect. These issues are related to adult children and many caretakers, who may meet elderly adults who seem vulnerable. Human service has been hugely impacted by trying to support the elderly population and working toward the self-empowerment of the aging. Abuse of the elderly can be intentional acts that result in physical, emotional, or psychological harm to the elderly individual. With the increase in the geriatric population of the United States, elder abuse is a growing public health concern (Stark, 2021). Neglecting is also considered abuse, such as malnutrition and poor hygiene. Bruises and unexplained injuries can also be cause for suspicion of abuse. Also, improper care and untreated wounds on a patient can cause fear of abuse on an individual. As providers, we can look for psychological signs such as depression, anxiety, and anger towards a caregiver or family member. Studies show that only 1 in 14 cases of abuse are reported a year, yet there may be up to five million cases a year (National Council on Aging, n.d.). Child abuse contains all types of abuse and neglect against a child under 18 years old. According to Orsi et al. (2018), seven children experience abuse each year, reported over 1700 dying of abuse in 2018. Children of abuse can suffer physical problems and psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Later in life, they can result in many other psychological and health issues (Orsi et al., 2018). Abuse usually occurs when a child has had physical injury inflicted upon them other than by accidental means. It has injuries at variance with its history or is in a condition resulting in maltreatment but not limited to malnutrition, sexual molestation or exploitation, deprivation of necessities, emotional abuse, or cruel punishment. Neglect usually occurs when a child has been abandoned, is denied proper care and attention physically, emotionally, or morally, or is permitted to live under conditions, circumstances, or associations detrimental to his well-being. There are many types of abuse in America. Each state has its guidelines on child abuse and neglect in America. The guidelines for the state of North Carolina are simple and easy to follow. Mandated Reporters are those professionals who have the right to report. Article 1 Ethical Considerations for Adults The article examines the present study to determine the existing ethical challenges in managing elder abuse. (Saghafit et al., 2019). Cultural and religious differences are the reasons for the lack of a standard definition and legislation, which comprises the most significant problems in protecting older people’s rights. Ethical elements should be respected as far as a person has competency. Furthermore, the localization of clinical guidelines related to this issue leads to the proper functioning of health care providers, especially nurses, as the first line of treatment (Saghafit et al., 2019). The study results revealed a lack of legislation about elder abuse. They showed that health care providers’ observance of ethical principles depends on the moral and legal conditions of the community (Saghafit et al., 2019). If therapists notice abuse, they should report it to authorities to prevent harm. In North Carolina, adult protective services are of significant help and support with the investigation of the various abuse complaints that happen in the neighbor (Adult Protective Services Task Force: Report to North Carolina Study Commission on Aging and House Study Committee on State Guardianship Laws Under Session Law 2005-23, n.d.). Article 2 Ethical Considerations for Children The article displayed child abuse questions when it is suitable for police forces to investigate alleged offenses committed in the distant past has become increasingly important. Well-known publicized cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) and exploitation involving high profile individuals have the ethical, psychological, and forensic complexities of investigating non-recent child sexual abuse (Hughes & Jones, 2020). Our first suggestion is a proposed between a set of considerations that a “guess” favors investigation and other concerns that may oppose this presumption. Our second suggestion is to review the weightings applied to the considerations within the model, which lack clear justification and create problematic effects. Lastly, we refer the Oxford CSA Framework to a panel with lived and professional experience of CSA that could serve important justice goals and enhance the Framework’s recommendations (Hughes & Jones, 2020). The critical point that must be taken from this article is that each researcher needs to determine their responsibilities in reporting child abuse and neglect. The decision will depend on the individual state’s laws, the definition of the scope of practice of the investigator’s discipline, and the type of disclosure made by the subject. In North Carolina, mandatory reporting if you suspect that a child is being abused or neglected, or if you think a child may have died from being mistreated, you must report to the county Department of Social Services. Do not be afraid to report. As long as you act in good standing, you cannot be held liable by law (N.C. Department of Health and Human Services, nd). Article 3 Legal Considerations for Adults The purpose of the article Elder Abuse: Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations in Social Work Practice (Donovan & Regehr, 2010) are to discuss legislative changes that focus on elder abuse issues and have moved toward mandatory reporting and intervention in many jurisdictions. Because of the steadily growing older population and increased demands on families for community-based care of the elderly, elder abuse is an issue to consider in all social work practice domains. Intervention in elder abuse cases is often fraught with ambiguity, and ethical dilemmas as the application of professional principles is straightforward, bringing to the fore personal, legal, and ethical concerns in the management of the client’s safety and well-being. Regarding the legal aspect of reporting elderly abuse, the article mentions how social workers should know their jurisdiction has mandatory reporting laws. In North Carolina, they have protection to investigate and provide services and resources for needy individuals. Legislators were guided in adopting elder abuse reporting legislation because of older people, like children. Require protection and support, are physically or cognitively feeble and vulnerable, are at risk of abuse, and may be unable to report for themselves (Adult Protective Services Task Force: Report to North Carolina Study Commission on Aging and House Study Committee on State Guardianship Laws Under Session Law 2005-23, n.d.). Article 4 Legal Considerations for Children Legal and clinical guideline for Making a Child Maltreatment Report by Kenny et al. (2017) is to help psychologists’ role as mandated reporters of child maltreatment is an important responsibility. This article will guide psychologists in interpreting state laws and practical and clinical guidance when confronted with child abuse reports. An analysis of the U.S. laws on child abuse reporting about psychologists is provided. Psychologists will be led through the process of making a report and how to manage this responsibility professionally and clinically. The considerations are discussed about psychologists maintaining compliance with their legal obligations and protecting children from harm. Recommendations for future training are provided. This article offers direction to psychologists in interpreting state laws related to abuse reporting. Additionally, it provides practical and clinical guidance for psychologists when confronted with child abuse reports. It is especially relevant as it is highly likely that psychologists will meet victims and their families as part of their professional work. The article stressed that most states encourage reporting child abuse immediately, while others have a timeframe for when to say it. However, anyone who fails to report or falsely reports child abuse is subject to a penalty, such as a misdemeanor. Some states even charge for felony and even jail time. When the practitioner is not sure about child abuse, another colleague, or child protective service (CPS) for the report whether acceptable or not (Kenny et al., 2017). In North Carolina, According to the National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information, the laws of North Carolina mandated reporters of child abuse. They allowed the attorney-client privilege as the only exception to mandatory reporting requirements (\Confessional Seal Under Attack in the Several States, 2003). References Adult Protective Services Task Force: Report to North Carolina Study Commission on Aging and House Study Committee on State Guardianship Laws Pursuant to Session Law 2005-23. (n.d.). Adult Protective Services Task Force: Report to North Carolina Study Commission on Aging and House Study Committee on State Guardianship Laws Pursuant to Session Law 2005-23, 63. https://doi.org/10.1037/e572422009-001 https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=f3c96f12-a8fb-451e-af25-3dff44a5106c%40redis \Confessional Seal Under Attack In Several States. (2003). America, 188(10), 4. https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=98b4754d-b738-41e6-a0f3-4d1a51e8c01e%40redis Donovan, K., & Regehr, C. (2010). Elder Abuse: Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations in Social Work Practice. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38(2), 174-182. https://doiorg.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1007/s10615-010-0269-2 Hughes, J. A., & Jonas, M. (2020). Weighing Ethical Considerations in Proposed Non-recent Child Sexual Abuse Investigations: A Response to Maslen and Paine’s Oxford CSA Framework. Criminal Justice Ethics, 39(2), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2020.1800179 N.C. county accelerates case management for child protective services. (2015). American City & County Exclusive Insight, 1. N.C. Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.) About Child abuse and Child Neglect. Reporting suspected Abuse and Neglect. https://www.ncdhhs.gov/divisions/social-services/child-welfare-services/child-protective-services/about-child-abuse-and-child-neglect National Council on Aging. (n.d.). Elder Abuse Statistics & Facts | Elder Justice | NCOA. https://www.ncoa.org/public-policy-action/elder-justice/elder-abuse-facts/ Orsi, R., Yuma-Guerrero, P., Sergi, K., Pena, A. A., & Shillington, A. M. (2018). Drug overdose and child maltreatment across the United States’ rural-urban continuum. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.010 Seth, R., & Srivastava, R. N. (2017). Child Sexual Abuse: Management and prevention, and protection of children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act. INDIAN PEDIATRICS, 54(11), 949-953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-017-1189-9 Stark, S. W. (2021). Elder abuse. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. Please revise underlined sections and proofread. Thank you.

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