Please Proofread Check Explained for Students (Easy Guide)

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Original Question

please proofread, check my spelling and grammar and check that I answered the 2 questions correctly Case Scenario: Jack is an 8-year-old male who was admitted to the emergency department with weight loss, thirst and his mum reported he had ‘not been himself’. His pH was 7.2 and his bicarb was 10.0. His HbA1c was measured at 14%, and his BGL was 22.1 mmol/L. Following a series of tests and investigations he was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Jack and his parents are referred to you for diabetes education. 1. Explain the pathophysiological processes that have caused the signs and symptoms, and biochemical test results that Jack presented with in emergency. The damage to the T cell-mediated pancreatic beta cells led to high blood sugar levels of 22.1 mmol/L because there was no insulin. This meant that glucose could not get into the cells. The clinical symptoms of polyuria start to help the body get rid of the extra glucose, leading to polydipsia from dehydration, while weight loss and fatigue happens because there is no insulin, causing the body to break down fat and muscle for energy instead. Increasing the lipolysis releases free fatty acids, which the liver then converts into ketones, which are acidic in nature. Jack developed DKA, which is evident through the blood venous gas results of a low pH of 7.2 and low bicarbonate of 10.0 10.0mmol/L, which is a metabolic acidosis response. This phenomenon explains why Jack has not been feeling like himself. 2. Describe the investigations and diagnostic criteria that are used to diagnose type 1 diabetes. Blood tests of the fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and or Random glucose in addition to the autoantibody testing, e.g. GAD test and C-peptide testing. These, combined with symptoms of hyperglycemia, which include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and fatigue, confirm the diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes. Testing for DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) of low pH and low bicarbonate is critical as it is often a critical clue of the onset of type 1 diabetes in children due to the sudden onset of symptoms.

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