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Course Hero Logo Search C 2 tutors have reviewed your question Your question: Course: NURS 6501 Good evening!. I need help putting this in a PowerPoint. I still need to use the articles and cite the authors, but maybe be more specific, use better wording, and express myself better. THANK YOU SO MUCH! DIAGNOSIS: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Risk Factors Women have up to a 7, 7.5% risk whereas men have an average risk of 4% overall for generalized anxiety and panic disorder. female sex is one. It is hereditary. Family history is important. Comorbid mental health disorders. And so, this could be – the most common one being depression, but also bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder can also be associated with significant anxiety and anxiety disorders. And then, other physical diagnoses. Pain is one that’s frequently related to anxiety disorders. Gastrointestinal disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome is one I think is commonly reflected in anxiety disorders as well. And then a history of abuse. So, that could be physical abuse or sexual abuse associated with a higher risk of anxiety as well. Pathophysiology and Etiology Direct evidence linking gut microbiota to the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) via brain miRNA is limited. (Chen et al., 2024) The exact mechanism is not entirely known. Anxiety can be a normal phenomenon in children. Stranger anxiety begins at 7 to 9 months of life. Noradrenergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems appear to play a role in the body’s response to stress. The serotonin system and the noradrenergic systems are common pathways involved in anxiety. Many believe that low serotonin system activity and elevated noradrenergic system activity are responsible for its development. Therefore, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the first-line agents for its treatment. (Munir & Takov, 2022) GAD is associated with traits such as avoidance of perceived harm, neuroticism levels, and introversion preference. Studies have also explored the etiology of GAD from a genetic perspective. Future research should focus on validating the efficacy of treatments and exploring novel therapeutic combinations. Additionally, investigating the role of early life events, societal stressors, and cognitive biases in the development of GAD may provide insights into improving management and treatment strategies. This study provides further insights into the etiology of GAD and its treatment. (Zhang, 2024) Signs and Symptoms First, the symptoms should be present for at least six months. This is a chronic disorder. They include anxiety and then they have to have at least three of the following symptoms – restlessness, fatigability, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension or sleep disturbance. So, anxiety present for at least six months with three of those other symptoms, which shows when you’re talking about fatigability, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbance, all those are related to function too and they really can have a significant impact on one’s life. The key features of GAD are persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about various domains including work and school performance which the individual finds difficult to control. The individual experiences physical symptoms including restlessness or feeling keyed-up or on edge, being easily fatigue, difficulty in concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance. And as a last type, there is substance/medication induced anxiety disorder. This disorder involves anxiety due to substance intoxication or withdraw or to a medication treatment. Diagnostic tests or labs Hgb, TSH, and BMP Impact on other body systems High risk for systhymia depression, perhaps 50% The individual experiences physical symptoms including restlessness or feeling keyed-up or on edge, being easily fatigue, difficulty in concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance. However, a significant association was found between body dysmorphism and generalized anxiety. The findings highlight the need of promoting safe social networking, particularly among teenagers, and educating the public about the danger of BDD and its effects. n: (Rathore et al., 2022) Treatment options Start with Treatment with non pharmacologic therapy, Limit caffeine, Great motivation to start exercising And when you diagnose a patient with both depression and anxiety at the same time, that predicts a longer clinical course. Unfortunately, also greater functional impairment. So, what we learned today was that anxiety disorders are very, very common. And not to go overboard with your laboratory diagnosis. Definitely pay attention to psychosocial stressors. SSRIs in terms of pharmacotherapy are a great option, but don’t forget about the basics, limiting caffeine and increasing exercise very important. And also, consider talk therapy. That can really work well for some patients and is a nice adjunctive treatment for patients with anxiety disorders. References Munir, S., & Takov, V. (2022, October 17). Generalized anxiety disorder. National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441870/ Rathore, M. A., Mashhadi, S. F., Moeed, L., Ahmad, S., Mehmood, M., Abbasi, A., Sajjad, H., Dilshad, S. A., & Naseer, M. (2022). Prevalence of Body Dysmorphism and Its Association with Generalized-Anxiety in University Students of Twin Cities. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 72, S786-S790-S790. https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v72iSUPPL-4.9656 Simin Chen, Mengjia Li, Changqing Tong, Yanan Wang, Jiahui He, Qi Shao, Yan Liu, Ying Wu, & Yuehan Song. (2024). Regulation of miRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex by fecal microbiota transplantation in anxiety-like mice. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 01-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1323801 Zhang Zheyu. (2024). A Comprehensive Overview on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder – Etiology and Treatment. SHS Web of Conferences, 193, 03008. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20241

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