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help me answer these question simple please 1.Explain the difference between the circulatory and cardiovascular systems.Describe location and structural features of the heart. 2.Explain the significance of the intercalated discs connecting the cardiomyocytes. What two different types of intercellular junctions are found within intercalated discs? What do these junctions do?What structures make up the cardiovascular system? Briefly describe each function. 3. What are the different layers of the heart wall? What about the wall of blood vessels? What is the function of each layer? 4. Name the structures of the heart including the chambers, valves, and major blood vessels. What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart and its function? 5. What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? Why is the cardiovascular system important to maintain homeostasis? 6. Describe the flow of blood through the body, lungs, and heart. Include the relative levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood at various points along the pathway. 7. Why is dynamic and parallel blood flow through the systemic circuits important? 8. How does blood flow through the systemic circuit change during activity? Why? 9. What are the stages of the cardiac cycle? What are systole and diastole? What causes the valves to open or close? 10. What is SV, EDV, CO, ESV, PP, and MAP? What do these numbers tell you? 11. What is “ejection fraction”? How does it change with levels of activity? With diseased states? 12. What is meant by auto-rhythmic and myogenic? Why is that significant for cardiac functioning? 13. Describe the (electrical) conduction pathway of the heart. 14. Compare and contrast skeletal, nodal, and non-nodal action potentials. What ions are moving at the different phases of these action potentials? 15. Explain the basis of the EKG. What is happening in the heart during the different waveforms? 16. Why is the control of blood pressure necessary? What might be the outcomes of unregulated BP? 17. Explain the different types of local controls of BP. 18. What is angiogenesis? Why is it important for homeostasis? When might it be harmful? 19. What is angiotensin II? Aldosterone? ANP? ADH? Epi? Where is each produced and what is the target of each hormone? 20. Describe the layers found in the wall of a blood vessel. 21. What are the different types of blood vessels? What are their major functions? 22. What are the three different types of capillaries? Where would each be found? 23. Explain the importance of precapillary sphincters. 24. Which substances move into or out of the cardiovascular system by diffusion? Transcytosis? Filtration/reabsorption? 25. What is the importance of pressure gradients in fluid reabsorption? 26. How does blood move in veins? Explain. 27. Know the risk groups, symptoms, signs, causes, preventions and treatments for each of the following cardiovascular diseases/disorders: coronary artery disease (and heart attacks), mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and atherosclerosis, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
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