Doering Cross Magsarili Question & Answer Guide (With Explanation)

This type of question evaluates analytical and critical thinking skills.

What This Question Is About

This question relates to doering cross magsarili and requires a structured academic response.

How to Approach This Question

Use appropriate theories and support your answer with clear reasoning.

Key Explanation

This topic involves doering cross magsarili. A strong answer should include explanation, application, and examples.

Original Question

Doering, L. V., Cross, R., Magsarili, M. C., Howitt, L. Y., & Cowan, M. J. (2007). Utility of observer-rated and self-report instruments for detecting major depression in women after cardiac surgery: a pilot study. American journal of critical care, 16(3), 260-269.‏ According to the previous article please answer the following questions: 1.)The nurse researchers report that concurrent validity (which is another name for convergent validity) is established for the BDI. What does this tell you? 2.) The researchers go on to say that the Cronbach alpha coefficient is 0.92 in this study. What does this mean? 3.) The study also talks about a modification of the BDI which is the Beck Depression Inventory Short Form (BDI-SF) which was developed because there were concerns that the original BDI which included physical signs and symptoms of depression might over diagnose depression if used with populations who are medically ill. (This is a perfect example of being careful not to over-generalize results. The appropriate total score in a medically healthy population indicating depression may not be appropriate for a population which has medical illnesses contributing additional physical symptoms.) The modified BDI-SF was designed for detecting depression in medically ill patients and when using a cutoff of a score of ten, the BDI-SF has a sensitivity of 100% and a negative predictive value of 100% for hospitalized patients. What does this mean? 4.) In another study, the total score on the BDI-SF was found to be well correlated (r=0.96) with the total score on the original BDI. What does this mean? 5.) The BDI was also modified and shortened for use in a primary care setting (BDI-PC). The specificity of the BDI-PC is 82-95% for detecting major depression in medically ill populations. What does this mean? 6.) Now that you’ve dissected some of the measurement issues let’s look at the analysis portion of the article. This section is where the nurse researchers explain how they analyzed the information they gathered in the structured interview (DISH) and the self reported and observer related tools administered when the patients were discharged post CABG. The authors begin by explaining they compared the measures of central tendency and dispersion for two groups; those who were depressed (determined by the ‘gold standard’ DISH interview and psychiatric evaluation) and those who were non-depressed. They used a t-test for continuous variables and a chi-square test for categorical variables. One of the variables used for comparison was educational level. What would be an appropriate null hypothesis for this comparison? What would be an appropriate alternative hypothesis? 7.) If educational level is measured as: did not graduate from high school and graduated from high school, what level of measurement is this variable? 8.) What statistical test would you use to test your hypothesis and why? The resulting p value is 0.01, what does this mean? If during your analysis you realize that one of the cells in your 2×2 table only had four subjects which test would you use? 9.) The nurse researchers then used several statistical techniques that were beyond the scope of this book to determine the best cut-off points (scores on the tests) for the different measurement tools for screening and diagnosis of depression. Refer back to the FTS in Chapter 4 and explain why the cut off for screening focuses on maximizing sensitivity and negative predictive value and the cut off for diagnosis maximizes specificity and positive predictive value. 10.) Now let’s look at the results section which explains what all the statistical testing produced. What was the prevalence rate for depression?

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