Cardiovascular Respiratory Hematology Question & Answer Guide (With Explanation)
This question tests key academic concepts commonly covered in coursework.
What This Question Is About
This question relates to cardiovascular respiratory hematology and requires a structured academic response.
How to Approach This Question
Start by identifying the main issue, then apply relevant academic frameworks.
Key Explanation
This topic involves cardiovascular respiratory hematology. A strong answer should include explanation, application, and examples.
Original Question
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Hematology Disorders Review the general A/P related to the heart, cardiac circulation, peripheral circulation, the lungs, ventilation, and perfusion. Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic test, complications, and medical treatment associated with myocardial infarction, heart failure, shock, peripheral vascular disease (hypertension, PVD, PAD, Varicose veins, aneurysm, valvular heart diseases, Rheumatic heart diseases, endocarditis, pericarditis, pericardial effusion, COPD, common cold, upper respiratory disorders/ inflammations, asthma, emphysema, acute and chronic bronchitis, atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary emboli ARDS, SARs, lung cancer, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukemia, polycythemia, leukocytosis, DIC Compare and contrast a “pink puffer and blue bloater of COPD. How does COPD cause right-sided heart failure? What is the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension? What are the complications of the disorder? Discuss acute and chronic asthma. What is status asthmaticus? Discuss the structural changes of the lung in asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis. What are the clinical manifestations of these disorders? What are the complications? How does the inflammatory response and acid-base imbalances relate to respiratory disorders? Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications of TB. What diagnostic tests are used to identify TB. What does a positive skin test mean? Discuss the development of a pneumothorax. Compare and contrast a spontaneous, tension, traumatic pneumothorax, and hemothorax. Discuss the clinical manifestations. What is the treatment for pneumothorax? Discuss the occurrence of ARDS. How does the disease occur; what are the clinical manifestations, medical treatments? Describe the difference between restrictive, obstructive, and infectious lung disorders. Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of pneumonia and other infective disorders of the lungs. How are cardiovascular and respiratory disorders inter-related? Discuss the relation between ventilation and perfusion. Describe compensation mechanisms in response to poor oxygenation and decreased blood flow in the body. Discuss the development of hypertension. Discuss atherosclerosis/ arteriosclerosis. What are the complications of poorly treated or untreated hypertension? How does hypertension cause damage to organs? Compare and contrast the various types of shock. What is the medical treatment for different types of shock? What are the classic signs and symptoms of shock? What are the stages of shock? Why/how do they occur (pathophysiology)? What are the common clinical manifestations that distinguish arterial disorders from venous disorders? Discuss the clinical manifestations of arterial occlusive disease. Why/ how does each occur? What diagnostic studies are used to identify arterial disorders? What is the treatment for arterial disorders? Discuss the clinical manifestations of an MI. Compare and contrast angina, MI, silent MI. What complications can occur with an MI? Identify the dysrhythmias that can occur with an MI. Differentiate the types of angina. What are STEMI, Non-STEMI, and coronary artery syndrome? Discuss the types of aneurysms. How do they occur? What are the clinical manifestations and treatment for aneurysms? Discuss Raynard’s disease and Buerger’s syndrome of peripheral vascular disease. How does each occur; what are the structural changes that happen in the vessels with each disorder. How can you distinguish one from the other? What are the common risk factors in peripheral vascular disease, shock, COPD, myocardial infarction? Differentiate right and left-sided heart failure. What are the causes, clinical manifestations of each? What signs and symptoms are different for right-sided failure/ left-sided failure? What is cor pulmonale? Discuss the causes, risk factors, complications related to rheumatic heart disease. How are the heart values affected? What valves are most affected? Discuss laboratory values that assist in diagnosing myocardial infarction. Discuss troponin, CPK levels, and EKG changes in a client with MI. Know the normal levels for each. When should the blood be drawn to assess the levels? When would you expect to see peak levels in a patient? Define orthopnea, intermittent claudication, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, jugular vein distention, cardiomyopathy, valvular stenosis, valvular regurgitation, venous insufficiency, atelectasis, hemoptysis, hypercapnia, hypoxia, pleural effusion, silicosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, clubbing. How does each occur? Discuss Virchow’s triad. How does it contribute to the development of venous disorders? Discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, complications, and treatment of anemia, polycythemia, leukocytosis, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, and DIC. Know the normal lab values for CBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, and platelets, Discuss the morphology of anemia. Describe hypochromic, macrocytic, normocytic, normochromic, microcytic anemias. Discuss the general pathophysiology related to anemia. Describe the clinical manifestations of anemia. What are the complications related to anemia? What are the risk factors related to anemia? How does the body compensate for the effects of anemia? Discuss Hemolytic, Pernicious, Iron deficiency, Aplastic, folic acid-megaloblastic, sickle cell anemia. What are the pathophysiology, causative factors, and treatments? Discuss DIC. Describe the periods of hemorrhage and clotting. Identify the risk factors related to the development of DIC. What diagnostic test is used to identify DIC? What is the treatment of DIC? Describe polycythemia vera. How does it occur? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the complications? What conditions may lead to the development of polycythemia? Discuss the causes, clinical manifestations, complications of leukocytosis, and leukopenia. Discuss mononucleosis. What is the causative agent of this disorder? What are the clinical manifestations? How do they relate to the pathophysiology? What are the complications and treatments of this disorder? Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and complications of Hodgkin’s, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, acute and chronic leukemia. Describe thrombocytopenia. How does it occur? What are the clinical manifestations? Compare and contrast hemophilia and von Willebrand disorder. There are approximately 60 questions (20 cardio, 20 respiratory, and 20 hematology )
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