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Provide a brief introduction and Conclusion for this piece of write-up “Contraceptive Study and Its Link to Higher STD Risk “Contraceptive is linked to high STD risk. USA Today” Describe the sample population in the study. The study involved 819 women to investigate whether Depo Provera contributes to increased risks of chlamydial and gonococcal infections. Within this cohort, 77% were single, 75% had never given birth, and the ethnic breakdown was 52% white, 43% African American, and the remainder from other ethnic backgrounds. How many subjects are enrolled in the study? The study enrolled 819 women as research participants. What are their ages? The participants were women aged between 15 and 45 years. How many are single vs married? Among the 819 women, 77%, which amounts to 631 women, were single. How many partners does each subject have? The article does not specify the number of partners per subject. Have the subjects used birth control before? The subjects were new users of birth control provided at two Planned Parenthood clinics in the Baltimore area. How are they grouped in the study? The participants were divided into three groups: a) Those beginning oral contraceptives b) Those starting DMPA injections c) Those not using hormonal contraceptives Answer the following questions: What is/are the independent variable(s) in this research? (Think “potential cause”) The independent variables include demographic factors (age, marital status, race/ethnicity, education), prior use of birth control, and the type of contraceptive chosen (DMPA, oral, or non-hormonal). What is the dependent variable? (Think “potential effect”) The dependent variables are whether the subjects contracted STDs or did not. What term best describes this research—experimental, correlative, or descriptive? Why? This study is experimental. It sought to establish a causal relationship between the use of DMPA and the risk of contracting STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. Is there a control group present? Yes, there was a control group, but it was not effectively controlled to determine who used which contraceptive type, nor were the women randomly assigned. What conclusions are reached regarding the outcome of the study? Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning? Could other conclusions be made based on different interpretations of the data? The study found that 45 women developed STDs, with DMPA users having a threefold increased risk of infection compared to non-hormonal users. This is inductive reasoning, moving from specific observations to a general conclusion about DMPA’s risk. Alternate conclusions could be drawn, but insufficient information makes the results inconclusive, necessitating further research. Do you see any potential problems with the sample group, the way in which variables were organized, or the way in which this study was conducted? Would you have done anything differently? The study lacked clarity on why DMPA raises infection risks. It failed in controlling the sampling for DMPA usage and did not randomly select subjects or manage the frequency and administration of contraceptive use. Ideally, participants should have been randomly assigned treatments, exposed to uniform doses, and have their number and variety of partners controlled. A larger, more diverse sample would improve representativeness. Is the author of this article one of the researchers, or someone who is knowledgeable in interpreting the scientific method (in other words, what are the author’s credentials?) Researchers from institutions like the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Johns Hopkins University conducted the study, led by Charles Morrison, Ph.D., Senior Epidemiologist at Family Health International. Could more research on this topic be conducted as an experiment? Why or why not? Further experimental research is warranted due to the study’s limited sample size and the inability to ascertain how DMPA increases STD risks conclusively. Additional investigations are necessary to establish a definitive causal relationship. The newspaper article you read is based on an article published previously in USA Today, which in turn is based on the original scientific study published in the journal Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Do you see any potential problems with the way the material is presented in the newspaper article? The newspaper overemphasized the risk associated with Depo Provera without conclusive evidence explaining how DMPA increases STD risks, which skews public perception. References: Depo Provera appears to increase risk for Chlamydial & Gonococcal infections. (2004, August 23). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/depo-provera-risk Rubin, R. (2004, August 23). Contraceptive is linked to high STD risk. USA Today. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=park19302&id=GALE%7CA127806446&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=e29e61f5 Walters, S. (2020). Research designs in psychology. Retrieved from Psychology.pressbooks.tru.ca. https://psychology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/3-2-psychologists-use-descriptive-correlational-and-experimental-research-designs-to-understand-behaviour/”
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