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I need an infographic of Chronic Kidney Disease among Indigenous Australians. Please find attached all questions and answers, and also all my references. Thanks Chronic Kidney disease among Indigenous Australian What is chronic kidney disease? Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to all conditions of the kidney affecting the filtration and removal of waste from the blood for 3 months or more. CKD is identified by reduced filtration by the kidney and/or by the leakage of protein or albumin in the urine. Which groups are at risk of chronic kidney disease among indigenous Australians? The rate of chronic kidney disease for Indigenous Australians increased with age, from 0.1% for those aged 18-24, to 7.6% for those aged 55 and over. What social/behavioural/health system determinants are affected – Risk factors The AIHW quantified the role of social determinants behind the average health gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians using a composite measure of health. The analysis relates to data on people aged 15-64 from the ABS 2012-13 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (Indigenous data), and comparable data from the ABS 2011-12 Australian Health Survey (non-Indigenous component). In these data 28% of Indigenous adults were assessed to be in good health, based on the composite health measure, compared with 54% of non-Indigenous adults, leading to an average gap of 26 percentage points. The results of the statistical analyses showed that more than half (53%) of this health gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous working-age adults can be accounted for by: a set of 5 selected social determinants (contributed 34% of the gap): employment and hours worked, highest non-school qualification, level of schooling completed, housing adequacy and household income a set of 6 ‘health risk factors’ (contributed 19% of the gap): binge drinking, high blood pressure, overweight and obesity status, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, insufficient physical exercise, and smoking. 3 potential interventions or activities a community health agency, nurse or health professional could offer to prevent or support Indigenous Australians suffering of CKD Provide education and information for local schools, workplaces and community organisations that encourage them to work in partnership with Aboriginal members of the community to improve health and wellbeing. Develop an employment strategy to encourage Aboriginal people to work across all areas of council business. Resistance might be met by implementing the activity Lifestyle interventions which modify behavioural risk factors such as poor diet and low physical activity can prevent progression of CKD and life-threatening complications and improve quality of life and survival. Addressing behaviour change is particularly relevant in CKD as lifestyle modification can be challenging. Poor adherence to diet, medication and other treatments is common in CKD.7 Barriers to modifying lifestyle include low health literacy, conflicts with cultural norms, complicated nutritional requirements, and safety concerns Data and statistics – Primary, secondary and tertiary levels of CKD prevention in the infographic Primary: Measures to achieve effective primary prevention should focus on the two leading risk factors for CKD including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Secondary: Evidence suggests that among those with CKD, the vast majority have early-stage of the disease. i.e., CKD stages 1 and 2 with microalbuminuria (30 to 300 mg/day) or CKD stage 3B (eGFR between 45 to 60 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1) (16). In these persons with preexisting disease, the “secondary prevention” of CKD has the highest priority. Tertiary: n patients with advanced CKD, management of uremia and related comorbid conditions such as anemia, mineral and bone disorders, and cardiovascular disease is of high priority, so that these patients can achieve the highest longevity. These measures can be collectively referred to as “tertiary prevention” of CKD (L., Ulasi at all, 2020). References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Chronic kidney disease. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/chronic-kidney-disease Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Social determinants and Indigenous health. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/social-determinants-and-indigenous-health Evangelidis N, Craig J, Bauman A, et al (2019). Lifestyle behaviour change for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review BMJ. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031625 L., Ulasi, I., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., & World Kidney Day 2020 Steering Committee (2020). Kidney health for everyone everywhere – from prevention to detection and equitable access to care. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 53(3), e9614. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20209614 Ovtcharenko, N., & Thomson, B. (2019). Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Indigenous or Remote Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Canadian journal of kidney health and disease, 6, 2054358119887154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154 https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/0372ad7a-7297-4e7b-a3e4-5681c342ed2f/Chronic-kidney-disease.pdf.aspx?inline=true 1.10 Kidney disease – AIHW Indigenous HPF https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/-/media/Indicators/Overview-sheets/10/VH_LG-Guides_Aboriginal-Health_web.pdf?la=en&hash=45307A93348B9961D0C65848E1C0A0A6BAB06479 Kidney People Community
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