Get Answer: Example Example Literature Question Guide
This type of question evaluates analytical and critical thinking skills.
What This Question Is About
This question relates to example example literature and requires a structured academic response.
How to Approach This Question
Use appropriate theories and support your answer with clear reasoning.
Key Explanation
This topic involves example example literature. A strong answer should include explanation, application, and examples.
Original Question
EXAMPLE 1: EXAMPLE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW FROM A QUANTITATIVE STUDY Study: Predictors of parental presence in the neonatal intensive care unit (Zauche et al., 2020) Statement of Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify sociodemographic, clinical, environmental, and maternal psychological factors that predict parent presence in the NICU. Literature Review*: “Advances in medical care have led to a remarkable improvement in the survival of preterm infants over the past few decades.1,2 Infants are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where they often have lengthy hospital stays and are physically separated from their parents. This separation, along with the medical condition of the preterm infant, limits early parent-infant interactions, which increase preterm infants’ risk for social isolation and impaired attachment.3 Extensive evidence from animal models demonstrates that delayed attachment due to early, prolonged maternal separation has lasting effects on neurodevelopment, self-regulation, and emotional and behavioral health.4-7 Absent or reduced early parent-infant interactions in the NICU may contribute to the known disparities in the socioemotional and neurodevelopmental outcomes between preterm and term-born children.8-10 Preterm birth confers both biological and environmental risks on an infant’s developmental trajectory.11-13 Although biological risks are not easily modified, parent involvement in the NICU, which is modifiable, is thought to be a significant mediating factor between the infant’s perinatal risk and developmental outcomes.3,14 Evidence supports the benefits of parental involvement through breastfeeding, kangaroo care, touch and massage, and maternal voice on the clinical status of preterm infants.15-20 These modalities have been demonstrated to lessen physical responses to painful procedures, decrease levels of cortisol, improve sleep, increase weight gain, provide exposure to positive sensory stimuli, and increase the concentration of hormones that promote bonding and synaptic plasticity.16,21 Therefore, parent involvement may have a critical role in enhancing the neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants. Involvement in the NICU necessitates the presence of a parent. However, previous studies have suggested that parent visitation patterns vary significantly.22-26 While few studies have examined the relationship between the frequency or duration of parent visits and infant outcomes, higher visitation frequency has been associated with shorter NICU length of stay, lower rates of behavioral problems at school entry, and decreased levels of parent stress and depression.14,26 With a growing consensus that parental presence has the potential to improve outcomes, recent efforts to encourage parental presence and to support parents as caregivers of their infant have been implemented in many NICUs throughout the country. Examples of such efforts include revising visitation protocols to allow 24-hour access to parents and transitioning from traditional open-bay units to single-family rooms, which offer a more private environment and recliners or beds for parents to sleep in overnight.13,27 In addition, programs in which parents serve as the primary caregivers in the NICU while nurses provide support and education, such as in the Family Integrated Care program, have been developed.21 These efforts are contributing to a necessary shift in which parents are not seen as ‘visitors’ but rather essential providers in their infant’s care. Few studies have described predictors of parental presence in the NICU and most of the studies conducted were published more than a decade ago. These studies consistently found that infants with siblings were visited less frequently than infants who were their parents’ first child.22-25,28,29 Increased length of hospitalization was also associated with decreased parental presence, but the infant’s medical condition and maternal health had no effect on parental presence.3,22,23,25,28,29 Findings from these studies are inconsistent for the effect of gestational age, birth weight, maternal marital status, and maternal age on visitation frequency.23-25,28,30 Understanding factors that contribute to parental presence may help identify infants at risk for low parental presence and thus at a higher risk for delayed attachment and poor outcomes (pp. 251-252).” Critical Thinking Exercises 1. Answer the relevant questions from Box 6.1 regarding this literature review. 2. Also consider the following targeted questions, which may further sharpen your critical thinking skills and assist you in understanding this study: a. In performing the literature review, what keywords might the researchers have used to search for prior studies? b. Using the keywords, perform a search of a bibliographic database to see if you can find a recent relevant study to augment the review.
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