Vaccines Were Used Assignment Help: How to Answer This Question

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Original Question

Vaccines were used successfully long before it was understood how they worked. When live-attenuated vaccines were used, they alone were sufficient to induce robust long-lasting immunity. However, in an effort to develop recombinant protein vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, injection of these proteins in isolation only elicited weak and short-lived antibody responses. Upon trial and error, Gaston Ramon, a French veterinarian and later director of the Pasteur Institute, noticed that horses that received the vaccines developed better immune response if there was inflammation at the site of injection. Later, Ramon discovered that certain substances (tapioca, lecithin, agar, starch oil, saponin, or breadcrumbs!) can be added to the vaccine to improve the immune response (Christensen, 2016). These observations were followed by the discovery that diphtheria toxoid precipitated with aluminum salts resulted in significant increase of the immune response (Glenny et al., 1926). Since then, Alum (aluminum salts) became the mainstay of adjuvants until about 20 years ago, when the molecular mechanism of adjuvanticity spurred the development of new adjuvants. explain

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