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CASE SCENARIO: 52-year old, who identifies as a male, presents with ulcer on plantar surface R foot that he has had for 3 weeks. He is currently managing the ulcer with mupirocin and gauze; however, it is getting worse, and his doctor sent him to the wound clinic for assessment. Assessment: Past medical history: â— Hypertension managed by fosinopril sodium 20 mg. Chronic angina managed by Isosorbide 20 mg 2-4 times daily (when he needs it—skips it when he takes sildenafil citrate). Also takes simvastatin for “problem with my cholesterol”. â— Type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed at age 38. Takes metformin 500 mg po bid. Checks blood sugar 2-3 times a week when his wife reminds him to (checks before breakfast); blood sugar usually ranges from 180-220. Last Hgb A1C 8.4. â— Bilateral hernia repair age 44; angioplasty age 50. â— Alcohol intake 2-4 drinks/week (beer on weekends); smokes 1 ppd. â— Height = 5’11”; Weight = 260 lbs. â— B/P = 142/94 Ulcer history: States ulcer started when he dropped a glass – “I thought I had it all swept up, and then I stepped on a piece. I boiled it out good with peroxide and put some of that povidone iodine on it but I can’t get it to heal up. My doc put me on mupirocin, but it hasn’t helped any and it costs a fortune. The ulcer is getting worse—it’s draining more and hurting more and getting bigger. That’s why he sent me over here.” Pain: States legs hurt him when he walks too far; also complains of pain around the ulcer. Is taking oxycodone acetaminophen for pain—takes it 3-4 times daily. Works in sales—says he tries to handle most of his accounts by phone because it’s so painful for him to do any walking—he has to keep stopping till the pain subsides. Color: Both lower legs pale; both legs exhibit dependent rubor and pallor with elevation. Temperature/warmth: Both legs cool. Venous filling time: 26 seconds left; 28 seconds on right Skin: Both legs thin but otherwise appear normal. No hair. Nails thick and yellow. Pulses: Posterior tibial difficult to palpate; very faint bilaterally. Dorsalis nonpalpable bilaterally. ABI: Arm and ankle pressure â— Brachial Pressure R arm = 144; L arm = 146 mmHg â— Pressure Posterior Tibial Right = 48 mmHg (unable to obtain dorsalis pedis) â— Pressure Posterior Tibial Left = 60 mmHg (unable to obtain dorsalis pedis) Edema: 1+ bilaterally Sensorimotor: â— Left foot: No response to 5.07 monofilament; positive response to 6.10 monofilament in 8 of 10 sites. â— Right foot: No response to 5.07 monofilament; positive response to 6.10 monofilament in 4 of 10 sites. â— Hammertoes: 2nd-4th toes bilaterally. Ulcer: 3 cm x 3 cm x 1 cm; undermining circumferentially to 2 cm. Wound base is covered with yellow slough and a moderate amount of cloudy exudate. Faint erythema extending 4 cm from the wound edge. Wound edges closed. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Probable reason for failure to heal:
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