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Read the following: Neuroleptics vs atypical antipsychotics Part 1: this video is an introduction to the topic of anti-psychotics I will discuss some basic concepts on terminology and general pharmacology of this class of drugs after this lecture you will be able to First describe the meaning and history of the terms neuroleptic neurolepsis and atypical antipsychotic and second describe the main differences between first and second generation anti-psychotic I’d like to clarify some terminology first the terms neuroleptic typical and atypical are commonly used in practice it is interesting to understand their background and meaning first what is in neuroleptic this is a term used to refer to first generation anti psychotics such as cor promine or haloperidol because of their ability to produce neurolepsis the question the follow follows is what is neurolepsis clinicians in the 50s describe the syndrome which has three main features psycho modal slowing emotional quieting and effective indifference clinicians at the time thought this syndrome was a reliable sign of antipsychotic efficacy but nowadays it is clear that these effects are not required for drugs to have therapeutic action and also that the presence of these symptoms predicts low low treatment adherence what is an atypical antipsychotic originally this term was used to describe a lower risk of extrapyramidal symptoms associated with closeup in use researchers found that at therapeutic doses close uping showed a much lower risk of extra pamal symptoms such as started discinesia later the the use of this term was Bren to include efficacy against neg negative and cognitive symptoms lack of producting elevation and efficacy in treatment resistant patients currently researchers argue that the addition of the features shown in here in green have hampered antipsychotic drug research and that reframing the concept of atypicality could have a key role in the advance of of this field let’s see this table to review the concepts we just discussed on the left I have listed the classic and commonly used terms on the right the new terminology proposed by the world Psychiatric association neuroleptics as we discussed are the drugs that fall under the category of conventional antipsychotics or typical antipsychotics the new terminology calls them first generation antis psychotics this includes the these include drugs such as chlorpromazine haloperidol fluin among others the term a typical antipsychotics is the most commonly used for second generation antipsychotics based on their shared pharmacological properties these drugs are also called dopamine serotonin antagonists drugs that act as dopamine partial agonists fall under the third generation antipsychotics category currently the only FDA approved drug in this group is ripol here are some examples of first and second generation anti psychotics as you can see chlorpromazine is invol L the reason for this is that it is the prototype for the pheno assign class of drugs this was the first drug used as an anti-psychotic and is still in use other drugs in this group group include loxapine fenine perenin and haloperidol first generation anti psychotics are classified according to the to their chemical family which predicts clinical profile their pharmacological properties will be discussing in detail in other videos Clin was the first drug of the second generation antipsychotics the pharmaceutical industry worked to develop drugs works with pharmacological similarities to closeup in with the intention to replicate close-up in Effectiveness without its side effects the results the result is a list that includes risperidone paliperidone iloperidone Quetiapine ensine sidone asenapine and lurasidone currently the only third generation antic psychotic is arip Procol now let’s see the differences regard regarding pharmacological profiles first generation antis psychotics are D2 antagonists they act on different regions such as mesolimbic mesocortical nigr trial and tuber infundibular Pathways something worth noting is that both first and second generation anti psychotics have some degree of D2 antagonism D antagonism has proven to be responsible for anticho efficacy besides du2 antagonism first generation agents have effects on other receptors such as muscarinic adrenergic alpha 1 and histamine 1 blockade of these receptors is related with their side effects profile Second Generation antis psychotics also block the two receptors but what makes them different from first generation agents is the ability to block five ht2a receptors as we saw in a previous slide these drugs are also known as serotonin dopamine antagonists in fact they have higher affinity for 5 ht2a receptors than for D2 receptors Summary- Typical vs A typical antipsychotics: there are important differences regarding adverse effect profiles first generation antis psychotics are associated with higher risk of neurological side effects some of these include T discinesia extra pomal symptoms dystonia among others I’ve included this image depicting basil ganglia to highlight the effects that first generation antipsychotics have on the nigr nigr trial dopamine pathway with studied this mechanism in other videos on the other hand second generation antis psychotics gain popularity thanks to a lower risk of neurological side effects but later it was discovered that these drugs are associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic side effects these include hypoglycemia weight gain and dyslipidemia this picture shows abdominal obesity as a reminder of metabolic side effects one question matter of clinical debate is whether second generation antipsychotics are more effective than first generation agents there are two important clinical trials that shed some light in this controversy the first are the clinical antipsychotic Trials of intervention Effectiveness or KY find funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and the other is the cost utility of the latest anti psychotics in severe schizophrenia conducted in the UK and funded by the National Health Service the results from this trials show no evidence of benefit of second generation antis psychotics over first generation antis psychotics in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia and closeup has shown clear utility in treatment resistance schizophrenia Then, Answer the Following: After reading the transcripts, write a summary based on the statements below. The summary should incorporate proper writing and not exceed 300 words. A synopsis of both the transcripts (purpose, intent, etc.). Provide Three main ideas or concepts you think the transcripts were trying to demonstrate. How are the transcripts are related to the reading material for this week. Provide what is the most important information that is taken away from watching the transcripts. The summary should incorporate proper writing and not exceed 300 words. The paper must provide in-text citations and references. It should be formatted properly using APA guidelines and appropriate third-person grammar and using the references listed below: Preston, J.D., O’Neal, J.H., & Talaga, M.C. (2025). Handbook of Clinical Psychopharmacology for Therapists (10th ed.). New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Preston, J.D., O’Neal, J.H., & Talaga, M.C. (2021). Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychopharmacology Made Simple (4th ed.). New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Shannon, M.T., Wilson, B.A., & Shields, K. (2018). Pearson Health Professional’s Drug Guide 2017-2018. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Psychopharmacology Institute. (2012, January 23). Neuroleptics vs atypical antipsychotics Part 1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGfNBDXYs1Y Psychopharmacology Institute. (2012b, January 23). Summary- Typical vs A typical antipsychotics [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfiYPYzLqjM

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