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Please give intext citation for each question and list of all refrences at the end in apa7style refrencing.1. Outline the pathophysiology related to diabetes for each the following: Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes 2.For each of the following diabetic complications in the table below identify: Common pathological indicators Two (2) emergency nursing interventions under the RNs guidance you could initiate- this can include medications to be administered. (This means what you can do after you have done vitals, BGL, DRABCD) Condition Describe the pathophysiology and the signs and symptoms of each condition. Two (2) emergency nursing interventions you may assist with under the guidance of an RN. Hypoglycaemia Hyperglycaemia Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Syndrome (HHS) Also known as Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS) Scenario – Kerry Kerry is a 52-year-old woman of Aboriginal decent who lives in Dubbo. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at the age of 40. Medical history BMI 32.4 MI, 1 year ago, stent insertion mild retinopathy small foot ulcer Anxiety. Kerry has had multiple admissions to hospital for episodes of both hypo and hyperglycaemia due to poor blood glucose control with oral medication. Her current admission to an acute medical ward was due to hyperglycaemia. She arrived at emergency feeling nauseous, with a severe headache and confused. Pathology BGL reading recorded 27 mmol/litre HbA1c of 13.1%. Positive for Ketones in her urinalysis. Kerry is not always compliant with her oral diabetic medication. She was given a short acting insulin whilst in emergency and then transferred once she was stable to the acute medical ward for further review. Kerry has an IV cannula insitu and on a fluid balance chart. She lives alone in a rented flat, immediate family close by. Over the past several weeks she has felt very depressed and said that when she feels sad, she no longer bothers with her medications or recording her BGL’s. Whilst in hospital Kerry was started on an insulin regime to aid in the control of her diabetes. She is to be seen by the hospital’s diabetes educator whist in hospital. 3.In the table below discuss: one (1) potential problem for each of the following conditions and one (1) nursing intervention for prevention Health issues Discuss one (1) potential problem related to the condition Discuss one (1) nursing intervention for prevention Retinopathy Infection Psychosocial issues Kerry has now been in hospital for 3 days the focus has switched from initial stabilisation of blood glucose levels to management of her diabetes. Part of the ENs role in conjunction with Kerry and the interdisciplinary health care team is to assist with goal setting and expected outcomes aimed at supporting adherence to a plan of care. 4.Provide two (2) expected outcomes for each of the goals set for Kerry. Health promotion / education goals Two (2) expected outcomes for the goal To normalise blood glucose levels to prevent or reduce the development of complications. To accurately administer oral hypoglycaemic medication when prescribed. The client recognises symptoms of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia 5. Outline two (2) ways the EN can provide culturally competent care for Kerry in relation to diet and language barriers. Culturally competent care Diet Language barriers 6. What is the primary aim of the Congress of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nurses and Midwives (CATSINaM)? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. Identify three (3) factors that contribute to higher rates of diabetes experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Scenario – Rebecca 16-year-old Rebecca has recently been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and brought into the emergency department following a hypogleamic episode at school. Rebecca is stabilised and admitted to the hospital ward you are working on to sort her insulin therapy and stabilize her blood glucose, this is the 2nd hypoglycaemic episode Rebecca has had since her diagnosis. Rebecca has no other health problems apart from frequent upper respiratory infections the past few years. Rebecca admitted to the doctor that she hasn’t been following her general practitioner’s advice since diagnosis. Height 162cm , weight 48kg. While you are taking her vitals and BGL you ask her how she has been going, she makes the following comments during your conversation. “Since my diagnosis I have had trouble coping, my parents have been on my back to eat properly and take my insulin, which I hate doing and don’t always take it when I should. “I haven’t really told many friends and I don’t know what to eat when we go out”… “It sounds screwed up”. “Why do I have to have diabetes, why can’t I be normal, it’s so frustrating?” 8. Discuss two (2) issues that can influence self-esteem in a young person with Type 1 diabetes. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. Discuss one (1) health education goal and one (1) expected outcome relating to Rebecca’s adherence to insulin therapy. Goal Expected outcome 10. Identify three (3) medical devices used to administer insulin. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11. Outline how insulin is administered. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12. Identify one (1) benefit offered by the National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS)[1] for insulin dependent diabetics. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13. Outline five (5) environmental and five (5) social factors related to diabetes that affect the general population in Australia. Five (5) environmental factors Five (5) social factors Scenario – Simon Simon is a 56-year-old lawyer who lives on the Gold Coast. He was diagnosed as a type 2 diabetic two months ago. Simon is married with two children. Simon has had regular visits to his GP to try and get his blood glucose under control; however he is having issues with this and also coping with his diagnosis. Simon is 180cm tall, weighs 100kgs, waist circumference of 104cm = a BMI of 29 this puts him in the overweight category and the high-risk range for diabetic complications. Simon smokes approx. 6-8 cigarettes a day, drinks wine most evenings and struggles to eat healthy due to long work hours and meetings. Simon tries to walk early in the morning however only seems to manage this on weekends. As he is in work shoes all week he likes to walk in thongs. Simon has been reluctant to face the fact he has diabetes, however he has been feeling a bit low lately and has decided it’s time to “sort his disease out”, the doctor has recommended that he attend diabetic education and planning which is conducted at the nearby community health centre where you work. In conjunction with the Diabetic RN you sit down with Simon and his wife to provide education to create health promotion goals and desired outcomes. 14. In the table below outline 2 goals and 2 expected outcomes for each goal Keep each goal and outcome realistic to Simon’s case study. Note – Simon will have a follow-up appointment in 6 weeks’ time to review his progress and plan. Health education / promotion 2 goals 2 expected outcomes for the goals Weight loss Optimal nutrition Smoking cessation Foot and eye care Simon’s wife Mary has been told about the National Diabetic Services Scheme (NDSS) and would like to know what provisions for support and funding do they provide for Type 2 diabetics. 15. Outline two (2) ways that the NDSS can assist Simon and his family including one (1) funding benefit. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16. Aside from the NDSS, discuss three (3) other credible Australian diabetic organisations that Simon and his wife can access – may also include local support groups. Identify the service and what each group offers that will compliment Simon’s needs including the contact details for each group and identify who else within the interdisciplinary team would benefit from this information. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17. Diabetes care involves interprofessional care. Identify the reasons Simon maybe referred to the following as listed and identify what these professionals help with Diabetes educator Endocrinologist Dietitian Podiatrist 18. Identify and briefly discuss two (2) goals outlined in the Australian National Diabetes Strategy 2021-2030. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19. Outline four (4) issues related to diabetes care delivery and services for the Australian population. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20. Outline four (4) reasons why the evaluation process in care planning is important. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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