This Will Simulating Question & Answer Guide (With Explanation)
Understanding this question requires applying core subject principles.
What This Question Is About
This question relates to this will simulating and requires a structured academic response.
How to Approach This Question
Break the problem into smaller parts and analyze each logically.
Key Explanation
This topic involves this will simulating. A strong answer should include explanation, application, and examples.
Original Question
This lab will be simulating a rapid urinalysis. During a rapid urinalysis, a test strip is dipped into a urine sample. Test strips are composed of sections of paper with test reagents embedded into the fibers. They react with urine components if present. The test strips are divided into individual panels which will change color in accordance with components that may be present in the urine sample. We can then compare the color changes to a color panel chart to assist in determining urine components(see below). Interpretation of results Color: In general, the more intensely colored the urine is, the more concentrated it is. Certain compounds, like Vitamin B, give urine an intensely yellow color. Normal urine should be clear, not cloudy. Volume: Urine volume depends on water intake and can vary considerably. Two liters per day is considered average, although physicians may recommend that individuals at risk for forming kidney stones try to keep urine flow rates higher. Specific gravity: The higher the S.G., the more concentrated the urine. This may reflect either the excretion of large amounts of salt or urea, or the conservation of water by the kidney. pH: Normal urine may range in pH from 5 to 9. Below 7, the urine is acidic; above 7 it’s basic. Diet affects pH. A large component of meat in the diet tends to decrease pH, while a large component of plant-based material in the diet tends to increase pH. Glucose: Normally negative. A positive result indicates the presence of more glucose in the blood being filtered than the kidney can reabsorb. Protein: Normally no protein is detected in urine because it’s too large to be filtered at the glomerulus. Blood: A positive test indicates the presence of either red blood cells or hemoglobin. Either result is abnormal. The test may be positive even if no cells are seen under the microscope. Blood in urine is usually the result of some trauma to the renal tubule, ureter, bladder, or urethra. Ketone: Normally no ketone is present. Ketone in the blood comes from burning body fat for energy. Its presence in urine may indicate fasting, strenuous exercise, pregnancy, or diabetes. Bilirubin/urobilinogin: Bilirubin is normally negative. Bilirubin and urobilinogin are products formed from the breakdown of red blood cells and recycling of hemoglobin in the body. Their presence in the urine indicates an abnormality in the recycling of red blood cells. Blood cells may be dying too rapidly; there may be a reduction in liver function required to recycle normal numbers of red blood cells. Nitrite is a product of the bacterial reduction of nitrate and indicates the presence of a bacterial infection. Normally there is no nitrite in urine (normal urine is sterile). Painful urination is typical of lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) infections. These infections usually travel up the urinary tract. Lower urinary tract infections can travel up into the kidney if left untreated. They may also be sexually transmitted. Antibiotics are used to treat infections. Bacterial culture (identification) is important to guide proper antibiotic therapy. Sediment: Common urine sediment includes epithelial cells, blood cells, casts and crystals. White blood cells suggest infection. Small numbers of red cells may be present but significant numbers are not normal. The presence of crystals indicates an increased risk of forming kidney stones. They can result from excess oxalate in the diet (nuts, dark green vegetables) and are made worse by conditions that cause calcium oxalate to precipitate out of solution (high concentration, high pH). Question 1 (1 point) Specific gravity measures the amount of substances dissolved in the urine. Normal specific gravity of urine is measured at 1.005 – 1.035. Abnormally low specific gravity indicates dilute urine, which may be caused by: – drinking excessive amounts of liquid – severe kidney disease – the use of diuretics Abnormally high specific gravity indicates very concentrated urine, which may be caused by: – not drinking enough liquid – loss of too much liquid (excessive vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea) – substances (such as sugar or protein) in the urine Interpret the test strip below for specific gravity: a 1.000 b 1.005 c 1.010 d 1.015 e 1.020 f 1.025 g 1.030 Question 2 (1 point) The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline (basic) the urine is. A urine pH of 4 is strongly acidic, 7 is neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), and 9 is strongly alkaline. Normal urine may range in pH from 5 to 9. Below 7, the urine is acidic; above 7 it’s basic. A large component of meat in the diet tends to decrease pH, while a large component of plant-based material in the diet tends to increase pH. A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by prolonged vomiting, kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma. A low (acidic) pH may be a sign of severe lung disease (emphysema), uncontrolled diabetes, aspirin overdose, prolonged diarrhea, dehydration, starvation, drinking an excessive amount of alcohol, or drinking antifreeze (ethylene glycol). Interpret the test strip below for pH: a 5.0 b 6.0 c 6.5 d 7.0 e 7.5 f 8.0 g 8.5 Question 3 (1 point) Protein: Normally no protein is detected in urine because it’s too large to be filtered at the glomerulus. Record the results for protein below: a Negative b Trace c 33 d 100 e 200 f 2000 Question 4 (1 point) Glucose: Normally negative. A positive result indicates the presence of more glucose in the blood being filtered than the kidney can reabsorb. Record the results below: a Negative b 100 c 250 d 500 e 1000 f 2000 Question 5 (1 point) Ketone: Normally no ketone is present. Ketone in the blood comes from burning body fat for energy. Its presence in urine may indicate fasting, strenuous exercise, pregnancy, or diabetes. Record the results below for Ketone: a Negative b Trace c Small d Moderate e Large Question 6 (1 point) Nitrite is a product of the bacterial reduction of nitrate and indicates the presence of a bacterial infection. Normally there is no nitrite in urine (normal urine is sterile). Painful urination is typical of lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) infections. These infections usually travel up the urinary tract. Lower urinary tract infections can travel up into the kidney if left untreated. They may also be sexually transmitted. Antibiotics are used to treat infections. Bacterial culture (identification) is important to guide proper antibiotic therapy. Record the result below: a Negative b Positive Question 7 (1 point) Leukocyte esterase (an enzyme found in certain white blood cells) in the urine can be detected by Chemstix. Leukocyte esterase is a sign of inflammation, which is most commonly caused by a urinary tract infection. A positive leukocyte esterase test results from the presence of white blood cells either as whole cells or as lysed cells. Record the result below: a Negative b Trace c Small d Moderate Question 8 (1 point) Blood: A positive test indicates the presence of either red blood cells or hemoglobin. Either result is abnormal. The test may be positive even if no cells are seen under the microscope. Blood in the urine is usually the result of some trauma to the renal tubule, ureter, bladder, or urethra. Record the result below: a Negative b Trace(Non-hemolyzed) c Moderate(Non-Hemolyzed) Question 9 (1 point) Based solely on the urinalysis results(what you determined for the above questions) what condition do you suspect the patient has? a Diabetic Ketoacidosis b Physical trauma to the kidneys c Kidney stones d Urinary Tract infection e Hypertension f Low carb diet Question 10 (1 point) Which of the following substances could appear in the urine from dieting(low carbohydrates) or the utilization of excess lipids? a Glucose b Uric acid c Urea d Ketone
******CLICK ORDER NOW BELOW AND OUR WRITERS WILL WRITE AN ANSWER TO THIS ASSIGNMENT OR ANY OTHER ASSIGNMENT, DISCUSSION, ESSAY, HOMEWORK OR QUESTION YOU MAY HAVE. OUR PAPERS ARE PLAGIARISM FREE*******."
